Environments for Mobile and Wireless Communications (C1-C3)

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Environments for Mobile and Wireless Communications (C1-C3)

Course UNIK4700, UNIK9700
Title Frequency Ranges and Propagation Models for Communications (C1-C3)
Lecture date 2017/10/31 1300-1600
presented by Josef Noll
Objective The lecture will provide a short overview over propagation models in several environments, e.g. rural and indoor. Typical models are discussed, and references given to future work.
The second part of the lecture focusses on the development of your own examples, where a short presentation is expected.
Learning outcomes * get feedback on your topics
  • ask questions and get feedback on how to structure a presentation
Pensum (read before) Prepare a presentation providing a short overview over your scenario, expected outcome, as well as questions
References (further info)
Keywords Frequency, Propagation Models, Wifi, Mobile Systems

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Presentations


Present the first assignments:



Title
UNIK4700/UNIK9700 Mobile Generations and Radio Models
Author
Josef Noll,
Footer
Environments for Mobile and Wireless Communications (C1-C3)
Subfooter
UNIK4700/UNIK9700



⌘AA2-Mobile Generations

Building .... Networks
History, Now and Future
History
Pioneers: Maxwell, Hertz,...
1G, 2G,... 5G networks
Frequencies and Standards
Future Challenges
A-Basics of Communication
Electromagnetic Signals
Radio Communication Principles
Digital communication: Signal/Noise Ratio
Signal strength and Capacity: Shannon
B-Antennas and Propagation
Free Space Propagation
Antennas, Gain, Radiation Pattern
Multipath Propagation, Reflection, Diffraction
Attenuation, Scattering
Interference and Fading (Rayleigh, Rician, …)
Mobile Communication dependencies
C-Propagation models
Environments (indoor, outdoor to indoor, vehicular)
Outdoor (Lee, Okumura, Hata, COST231 models)
Indoor (One-slope, multiwall, linear attenuation)
D-System Comparison
Proximity: RFID, NFC
Short Range: ZigBee, Bluetooth, ANT+,...
WLAN/Wifi/802.11...
Mobile: GSM, UMTS, IMT-A (WiMAX, LTE)
E-Mobility
Mobile Network mobility
IP mobility
F-Network Building
5G and Future Networks
5G Heterogeneous Networks
Basic Internet
Video Distribution Networks
Coverage simulations
Coverage simulations
Traffic simulations
Network Capacity simulations
Building .... Networks

⌘History of wireless communications

From1Gto3G.png

while 1G and 2G were all about radio interfaces,

  • 3G and Beyond 3G (B3G) are all about services
  • 4G is using mobile broadband everywhere
  • 5G will be truly heterogeneous network


Comments

Technology acceptance curve

⌘Speed of technology

TechnologyAdvances.png

  • "There might be a need for 5 computers" (1943 Watson(?), 1951 Hartree)
  • Mobile: NMT, GSM, GPRS, EDGE, UMTS, 3G, HSDPA, SMS, EMS, MMS,... DVB-H,...

Comments

L1-4.png Future communication systems, composed of IMT-A (ground), High altitude platform (HAP) and satellite


%Wireless standardisation forums

  • ITU-T
  • ETSI
  • IEEE
  • 3GPP (3G Partnership Project) and 3GPP2
  • Bluetooth SIG, zigbee alliance

and a lot of others addressing interworking

  • OMA (open mobile alliance)
  • UMTS forum
  • ...


⌘Frequency spectrum

FrequencySpecs.png

⌘Wireless technologies

BluetoothSpecs.png

Ultra short range

  • RFID, NFC

Vicinity

  • Bluetooth, WiMedia,
  • Zigbee, ANT+, Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE)

Local area

  • Wireless LAN, 802.11 family
  • Wireless telephony: DECT (Digital Enhanced Cordless Telecommunications)

Mobile Communications:

  • 1G: NMT
  • 2G: GSM
  • 3G: UMTS
  • 4G: LTE - IMT-A
  • 5G

Long Range Wide Area Network (LPWAN)

  • LoRa,
  • Sigfox,
  • Ingenu-RPMA,
  • DASH7,
  • Weightless

Mobile satellite communication:

  • Geostationary (Inmarsat A, C, M) or low orbit (e.g. Iridium)

⌘Trend: Personal Networks

Interconnectivity
  • Between devices
  • To your neighbour
  • create spontaneous networks (and your personal sphere)
  • access everyware
  • access from all devices
  • access for everyone
    • availability
    • affordability (price)
EricPersonalNetwork-b.png

⌘Expectations towards global coverage

  • According to Ericsson, Mobile Technologies are available for 50% of the world's population (2013), and the coverage will increase to 75% by 2017.
  • According to Internet.org (Facebook, Opera Software, ....), only 1/3 of the world's population has access to the Internet (2013).
  • An extrapolation by the Basic Internet Foundation points out that even in 2017 about 45% of the population will not have access to Internet, mainly due to affordability. Thus they promote the free access to basic information of the Internet, being text and pictures.



⌘Propagation scenario (ITU-R)

Typical Propagation parameters
Radio coverage [km2] Distance [km] speed of mobile [km/h] type of cell
Indoor office environment 0.01 0.1 3 picocell in open space environment
Pedestrian mode 4 2 3 Microcell
Vehicle 150 13 120 Macrocell
  • see page 31 of ETSI TR 101 120 report for test environments
  • impact on walls?

⌘Propagation models

  • Environments (indoor, outdoor to indoor, vehicular)
  • outside (Lee, Okumura, Hata, Unik/COST231-Hata, Unik/COST231-Walfish-Ikegami)
  • inside (One-slope, multiwall, linear attenuation)

References:

  • T.K. Sarkar, J. Zhong, K. Kyungjung, A. Medouri, M. Salazar-Palma, "A survey of various propagation models for mobile communications", IEEE Ant. Prop. Magazine, 2003, 45(3) 51-82
  • M Hata, "Empirical formula for propagationloss in land mobile radio service". IEEE Trans Vehicular Technology, 1980, vol 29, pp 317-325
  • F Ikekami, S Yoshida, T Takeuchi, M Umehira, "Propagation factors controlling mean field strength on urban streets", IEEE Trans Ant. Prop., 1984, 32(8), 822-829
  • T.S. Rappaport, S. Sandhu, "Rdaio Wave propagation for Emergin Wireless Personal Communication Systems", IEEE Ant. Prop. Magazine, 1994, 36(5), 14-23

we will focus only on ETSI models: statistical models to generate path losses and time delay structures for paths in each test environment.


(Source: Cost259, page 80ff, and ETSI TR 101 120)


⌘ Mobile Propagation References

References:

  • Eurescom P921: UMTS radio access, http://www.eurescom.de D2-UMTS radio access
  • ETSI / ITU propagation channels (Vehicular A/B, Outdoor to indoor A/B)

⌘ C2-Outdoor communications

⌘Measurements in rural farmland

  • Typical IR from Farm_1, 1718 MHz. Total received power was –84 dBm, 20 dB above GSM sensitivity level

RakkenLovnesFig16Telektronikk.png

(Source:R Rækken, G. Løvnes, Telektronikk)

These questions are valid for all of the following impulse responses

  • from delay, calculate reflection factor and free space attenuation
  • describe characteristics of reflection

⌘ Measurements in rural farmland

  • Typical IR from Farm_2, 953MHz. Total received power was <93dBm

RakkenLovnesFig18Telektronikk.png

(Source:R Rækken, G. Løvnes, Telektronikk)

⌘Measurements in cities

  • Typical IR from City street measurements, 1950 MHz, Oslo. Output power 25 dBm ( in mW?). Omnidirectional -Dipoles used as transmit and receive antennas.

RakkenLovnesFig28bTelektronikk.png

(Source:R Rækken, G. Løvnes, Telektronikk)

why almost equal distribution? What effect?


⌘ETSI urban pedestrian

  • Outdoor to indoor and pedestrian test environment, based on Non LOS (NLOS)
  • Base stations with low antenna height are located outdoors, pedestrian users are located on streets and inside buildings and residences
  • TX power is 14 dBm, f = 2000 MHz and r is distance in m
  • Assumes average building penetration loss of 12 dB
  • Path loss model: [dB]

⌘COST Walfish-Ikegami Model

  • taking into consideration propagation over roof tops
  • assumes antennas below roof top
  • Path loss model: [dB]

⌘Alternative Street Microcell Path-loss

  • Outdoor propagation, consists of "adding of paths"
  • c is angle of street crossing. c = 0.5 for 90 deg crossing
  • k_0 = 1 and d_0 = 0
  • Path loss model: [dB]
  • illusory distance with

⌘ETSI vehicular

  • larger cells (typical few km)
  • TX power 24 dBm for mobile phone, transmit antenna height over roof top (typical 15 m), distance r in km, f = 2000 MHz
  • Path loss model: [dB]


⌘Forest, 961 MHz measurements

  • slightly hilly terrain

Kovacs961MHz.png

(Source:István Z.Kovács,Ph.D.Lecture,CPK, September6, 2002;p.27/45 )

⌘Forest, 1890 MHz measurements

  • slightly hilly terrain

Kovacs1890MHz.png

(Source:István Z.Kovács,Ph.D.Lecture,CPK, September6, 2002, p.27/45)


⌘Examples

establish table (L free space, pedestrial, outdoor, ...) with typical values for 900 and 2000 MHz and distances from 100 to 3000 m


⌘ETSI Indoor Office test environment

  • derived from COST 231
  • r is transmitter-receiver distance in m; n is number of floors in the path
  • path loss L should always be more than free space loss. Log-normal shadow fading standard deviation of 12 dB
  • Path loss model: [dB]


⌘Modelling approach - indoor

RayTracing.png

Typical ETSI parameters: 8 kbps, BER < 10'^-3^', 20 ms delay, 50 % activity

(Source:Radio Wave Propagation for Telecommunication, Springer, and ETSI TR 101 112 V3.2.0 (1998-04))

Next lecture D1 Proximity Systems such as NFC, RFID