Mobile evolution 5G (B6,D4,F1)

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Mobile evolution 5G (B6,D4,F1)

Course UNIK4700, UNIK9700
Title Mobile Systems, LTE and beyond
Lecture date 2017/11/14 1300-1600
presented by Josef Noll
Objective
Learning outcomes Understand the challenges in 4G and 5G communications (B6,D4)
Pensum (read before)
References (further info)
Keywords LTE, LTE Advanced, VoLTE

this page was created by Special:FormEdit/Lecture, and can be edited by Special:FormEdit/Lecture/Mobile evolution 5G (B6,D4,F1).


Questions related to Mobile development

  • What are the main differences between 2G, 3G, and 4G?
  • What is cell breathing in 3G?
  • Why do we call 3G an interference limited system?
  • What are the main challenges for 5G?
  • Why is mobile communication from within a building a challenge?
  • What are femto cells?
  • What is a micro operator?

Presentation and Lecture Notes


Title
UNIK4700/UNIK9700 Mobile Dependencies
Author
Josef Noll,
Footer
Mobile evolution 5G (B6,D4,F1)
Subfooter
UNIK4700/UNIK9700


Further Reading

  • Course material from UNIK4230 Mobile Communications

⌘ TOC

Building .... Networks
History, Now and Future
History
Pioneers: Maxwell, Hertz,...
1G, 2G,... 5G networks
Frequencies and Standards
Future Challenges
A-Basics of Communication
Electromagnetic Signals
Radio Communication Principles
Digital communication: Signal/Noise Ratio
Signal strength and Capacity: Shannon
B-Antennas and Propagation
Free Space Propagation
Antennas, Gain, Radiation Pattern
Multipath Propagation, Reflection, Diffraction
Attenuation, Scattering
Interference and Fading (Rayleigh, Rician, …)
Mobile Communication dependencies
C-Propagation models
Environments (indoor, outdoor to indoor, vehicular)
Outdoor (Lee, Okumura, Hata, COST231 models)
Indoor (One-slope, multiwall, linear attenuation)
D-System Comparison
Proximity: RFID, NFC
Short Range: ZigBee, Bluetooth, ANT+,...
WLAN/Wifi/802.11...
Mobile: GSM, UMTS, IMT-A (WiMAX, LTE)
E-Mobility
Mobile Network mobility
IP mobility
F-Network Building
5G and Future Networks
5G Heterogeneous Networks
Basic Internet
Video Distribution Networks
Coverage simulations
Coverage simulations
Traffic simulations
Network Capacity simulations
Building .... Networks

⌘Relation between parameters in mobile communications

Fou3-99MeilingBrochure.png

(Source:Telenor Unik/FoU 3-99 brochure)


Building .... Networks
History, Now and Future
History
Pioneers: Maxwell, Hertz,...
1G, 2G,... 5G networks
Frequencies and Standards
Future Challenges
A-Basics of Communication
Electromagnetic Signals
Radio Communication Principles
Digital communication: Signal/Noise Ratio
Signal strength and Capacity: Shannon
B-Antennas and Propagation
Free Space Propagation
Antennas, Gain, Radiation Pattern
Multipath Propagation, Reflection, Diffraction
Attenuation, Scattering
Interference and Fading (Rayleigh, Rician, …)
Mobile Communication dependencies
C-Propagation models
Environments (indoor, outdoor to indoor, vehicular)
Outdoor (Lee, Okumura, Hata, COST231 models)
Indoor (One-slope, multiwall, linear attenuation)
D-System Comparison
Proximity: RFID, NFC
Short Range: ZigBee, Bluetooth, ANT+,...
WLAN/Wifi/802.11...
Mobile: GSM, UMTS, IMT-A (WiMAX, LTE)
E-Mobility
Mobile Network mobility
IP mobility
F-Network Building
5G and Future Networks
5G Heterogeneous Networks
Basic Internet
Video Distribution Networks
Coverage simulations
Coverage simulations
Traffic simulations
Network Capacity simulations
Building .... Networks

⌘ Mobile Communication Spectrum

Spectrum requirements
  • increased spectrum need
    • due to mobile broadband
    • indoor coverage, replacement of fixed networks
  • low frequencies for increased range, thus coverage

Mobile Spectrum.png

Source: http://www.spectrum2020.ca/presentations/Rappaport.pdf

⌘ The challenge of area coverage

Land area Norway, 385.178 km^2 - 7500 basestasjons http://www.mynewsdesk.com/no/telenor/pressreleases/sjekk-naar-du-faar-4g-der-du-bor-1399662

  • Tanzania 947,303 km^2 = 3 x Norway,
  • Mali 1.240.000 km^2 = 4 x Norway
  • DRC 2.345.000 km^2 = 8 x Norway

⌘ Throughput increase

FettweisRadioDevelopment-Mobile.png

[Presentation G. Fettweis, IEEE VTC forum Baltimore], http://www.ieeevtc.org/plenaries/vtc2007fall/28.pdf

⌘Example of propagation

Results for UMTS (worst case), with 3 sector antenna

  • Range of unloaded cell is 700 m in urban pedestrian
  • With loaded cell, assumed increase of noise by 10 dB, max cell radius 390 m
  • vehicular with typical range of 3600 m (unloaded) and 1900 m (loaded)
  • Next: examples and simulations


⌘Oslo simulations, performed for GSM at 1800 MHz

Transmission at 25 dBm

Transmission at 35 dBm

Scaleimage.png

how much does the range decrease when reducing the power by 10 dB?


(Source: Helge Dommarsnes, Telenor Mobil)


⌘Difference GSM - UMTS

Illustration of Q_16 parameter in GSM
  • Frequency
  • Receiver structure
    • GSM sliding window of 16
    • UMTS Rake receiver

Q16ratio:The ratio of the power inside to the power outside a window of duration 16 . For each IR the window is slid to find the position with highest power inside the window.


(Source:R Rækken, G. Løvnes, Telektronikk)

⌘Results of link level simulation

LinkLevelEBN0.png

Simulations to achieve minimum W-CDMA using given QoS parameter: here voice service

(Source: Eurescom P921, D2)


⌘UMTS cell planning

Figure: UMTS macro and microcells in a 6-operator environment


⌘UMTS traffic simulations

FDD-results.png

Note: voice, Low constraint delay (LCD, typical streaming) and Unconstrained data delay (UDD, typical ftp, email)

(Source:Telenor FoU report 3-99)

⌘Cell Breathing effect in UMTS

CellBreathing-UMTS.gif

View: http://www.eurescom.de/~public-web-deliverables/P900-series/P921/D2/index.html for "live simulation" and "Cell Ranges for GSM1800 and UMTS Services"

(Source: Eurescom P921, D2)

⌘Network planning

GSM versus UMTS

  • UMTS is interference limited
  • GSM is build on frequency reuse in the cells, while UMTS has the same frequency in neighbouring cells
  • UMTS range is capacity limited
  • UMTS requires simultaneous cell planning and network dimensioning
  • handover is network based, the handset announces, network performs the handover
  • In UMTS a mobile phone can be connected to two cells at the same time, the handover is then called soft handover. Handover between sectors in of the same antenna are called softer handover


⌘Cell cover and macro-diversity areas

Outcome of Eurescom P921 system level simulations

CellCoverageUMTS.jpg

(Source: Eurescom P921, D2)

⌘Smart antennas and MIMO measurements

SmartAntennaMeasures1.jpg

SmartAntennaMeasures2.jpg

GSM

Example GSM: the upload band is from 880-915 Unik/MHz (in Europe), which is 35 Unik/MHz. With a carrier of 200 kHz we have 175 channels, which have to be divided between the various operators.

UMTS specifications

http://www.umtsworld.com/technology/wcdma.htm

⌘4G/LTE technology

⌘LTE 450 MHz

LTE 450 pro's and con's from Ovum conf. publication (.pdf)

  • Band 31, limited bandwidth of 2 x 10 MHz

LTE450 Ovum pres.png

⌘ IMT-A (4G): WiMAX, LTE

IMT-Advanced (IMT-A) is often called the 4G standard for Mobile Communications. Both WiMAX through the 802.16e and LTE provide technologies for achieving higher data throughput.

Though LTE was originally designed to work in the

Evolution of radio spectrum, and frequency bands for LTE http://www.radio-electronics.com/info/cellulartelecomms/lte-long-term-evolution/lte-frequency-spectrum.php

LTE FDD band, source:radioelectronics.com


LTE TDD band, source: radioelectronics.com

Presentations from earlier courses

WIMAX

⌘Verizon Wireless reveals LTE speeds

  • from Mobile Business Briefing 7 December 2009
    • Verizon Wireless: average downlink 5-12 Mb/s and uplink 2-5 Mb/s (LTE)

⌘Unstrung.com - Wireless News, 24 Nov 2009

11:20 AM -- Four Finnish operators got some Long Term Evolution (LTE 2.6 GHz) and WiMax spectrum for just €3.8 million (US$5.6 million). (See Finland Awards 4G Spectrum.)

  • LTE FDD Elisa Corp. bid €834,700 ($1.2 million) for 50 MHz;
  • TeliaSonera AB (Nasdaq: TLSN) bid €819,200 ($1.2 million) for 50 MHz; and
  • DNA Oy bid € 675,700 ($1 million) for 40 MHz.
  • WiMax spectrum (TDD, now LTE TDD), Pirkanmaan Verkko Oy bid € 1,468,200 ($2.2 million) for 50 MHz.

Nordic:

  • Norway 229 million Norwegian Kronor ($41 million) in 2007
  • Sweden 2 billion Swedish Kronor ($304 million) in 2008.

Sources: See Craig Goes to Norway, Sweden Awards 4G Spectrum, Swedish 4G, Telenor to Test Huawei LTE, and TeliaSonera: We'll Do 4G in 2010


⌘Norway: NPT license conditions

from: [Norwegian Post Telecommunication Regulator (NPT) http://www.npt.no/portal/page/portal/PG_NPT_NO_NO/PAG_NPT_NO_HOME/PAG_RESSURSER_TEKST?p_d_i=-121&p_d_c=&p_d_v=104880]

  • 2500-2690 MHz and 2010-2025 MHz. The new licenses expire 31 December 2022.
  • five sub-bands, each consisting of a number of contiguous frequency blocks.
  • six different regions.

The five sub-bands are:

  • (A) The 2010 MHz band, consisting of a single 15MHz block.
  • (B) Five unpaired blocks of 10MHz at the centre of the 2.6GHz band (2570 MHz to 2620 MHz).
  • (C) Eight paired blocks of 2x5 MHz in the 2.6 GHz band (2500-2540 MHz paired with 2620-2660 MHz).
  • (D) Three unpaired blocks of 10 MHz below sub-band B in the 2.6 GHz band (2540-2570 MHz).
  • (E) Three unpaired blocks of 10 MHz at the top end of the 2.6 GHz band (2660-2690 MHz)

Note: Unpaired is TDD operation, while paired is FDD operation

⌘ Price policy

The total amount will consist of

  • a fixed component per contiguous spectrum block
  • a variable component that will depend on the bandwidth at disposal and the population in the geographical area
  • Estimate for 2008
    • annual administrative charge of (NOK 25000 x number of contiguous blocks)
    • + (NOK 1600 x bandwidth in MHz) x (regional percentage of Norway';s population).

<green>Q: take the Norwegian population and calculate the licence costs per region</green>

⌘ F1-5G and Future Network challenges

Building .... Networks
History, Now and Future
History
Pioneers: Maxwell, Hertz,...
1G, 2G,... 5G networks
Frequencies and Standards
Future Challenges
A-Basics of Communication
Electromagnetic Signals
Radio Communication Principles
Digital communication: Signal/Noise Ratio
Signal strength and Capacity: Shannon
B-Antennas and Propagation
Free Space Propagation
Antennas, Gain, Radiation Pattern
Multipath Propagation, Reflection, Diffraction
Attenuation, Scattering
Interference and Fading (Rayleigh, Rician, …)
Mobile Communication dependencies
C-Propagation models
Environments (indoor, outdoor to indoor, vehicular)
Outdoor (Lee, Okumura, Hata, COST231 models)
Indoor (One-slope, multiwall, linear attenuation)
D-System Comparison
Proximity: RFID, NFC
Short Range: ZigBee, Bluetooth, ANT+,...
WLAN/Wifi/802.11...
Mobile: GSM, UMTS, IMT-A (WiMAX, LTE)
E-Mobility
Mobile Network mobility
IP mobility
F-Network Building
5G and Future Networks
5G Heterogeneous Networks
Basic Internet
Video Distribution Networks
Coverage simulations
Coverage simulations
Traffic simulations
Network Capacity simulations
Building .... Networks

⌘ 5G Heterogeneous Networks

See presentation from Dhananjay Gore, Qualcomm Research, India at COMSNETS 2018


Presentation: Josef Noll, From coverage to quality: building the future network, Femtocells - Building the Quality Network for Mobile Operations - Oslo, 28 Oct 2010



Ayaz Khan Afridi, "Macro and Femto Network Aspects in Realistic LTE Usage Scenarios", Master Thesis, Network Services and System in Department of Electrical Engineering, Royal Institute of Technology (KTH), Stockholm, Sweden, May 2011.

⌘ Air Interface

Scalable OFDM-based 5G NR air interface

  • Scalable numerology, scalable slot duration (efficient multiplexing of diverse latency and QoS requirements)
  • Frequency localisation
  • lower power consumption
  • Asynchronous multiple access

Flexible slot-based 5G NR framework

  • Self-contained slot structure (independently decode slots and avoid static timing relationships across slots)
  • Blank subcarriers
  • blank slots

⌘Channel coding

Channel coding

  • Advanced ME-LDPC channel coding
  • more efficient than LTE Turbo code, 4x at Code rate (R)=0.65, 5 at R=0.9

3x increase in spectrum efficiency

  • explicit 3D beam forming with up to 256 antenna elements
  • typical 3.8x increase from 4x4 MIMO to 5G NR Massive (256 antennas) MIMO (52 Mbps to 195 Mbps)

Large BW opportunity for mmWave

  • 5G NR sub-6GHz (3.4-3.6 GHz)
  • 5G NR mmWave (e.g. 24.25-27.5 GHz, 27.5-29.5 GHz)

⌘ Challenges in 5G

required:

  • overcome significant path loss in bands above 24 GHz
  • robustness: innovation to overcome mmWave blockage from hand, body, walls, foliage - non-LOS is a problem
  • Device size/power integration into a mobile
  • Dense network topology and spatial reuse (150-250m distance)
  • colocation of 28 GHz on LTE channels

⌘ Early 5G

  • Ubiquitous LTE coverage - Gigabit LTE, VoLTE
  • Simultaneoud Dual-Connectivity across 5G NR and 4G LTE
  • using: 5G NR below 6 GHz
  • SA 5G NR having control & user plane on LTE RAN, and user plane on 5G RAN (LTE EPC)

Future, 5G NR evolution and expansion beyond eMBB

  • Rel-15 Work item: URLLC
  • Rel-15 Study items: 5G NR non orthogonal multiple access, e.g. RSMA, 5G NR for C-V2X communications
  • higher spectrum: 40 GHz

⌘Evolving LTE IoT for massive IoT

  • ubiquitous connectivity, achieving device link budget og 165 dB (max coupling loss)
  • NR in unlicensed: Concept in 2016, 3GPP study item in 2018
  • NR-based LAA, NR in unlicensed aggregated with LTE

MultiFire - own standing

MISSING:

  • radio interface: Large cell low mobility sites (low density rural areas)
  • interference with unlicensed technologies

⌘Ultra Reliable, Low Latency Communications

Application areas

  • process industry, alarm, wireless-connected vehicles
  • latency <1 ms, <10 ms,... in process control
  • 99.999% uptime, delivery within 5 ms

⌘ #5Gforall, freemium access

  • radio interface: Large cell low mobility sites (low density rural areas)
  • freemium model for access (freemium = free + premium)

Missing aspects in 5G

  • interface mobilehome network
  • application-specific routing (service quality)
  • interference with unlicensed technologies

⌘ Basic Internet

Presentation: Business perspective for India based on Basic Internet (.pdf)

⌘ Calculations

Establish the link budget and the capacity using a simplified model for

a) a coverage area of 100 km, using 2G technology at 900 MHz and the models from
b)

⌘ Video Distribution Networks

Idea originated by Kjetil Kjernsmo in UNIK4710, and presented at [1]

Discussions

  • 5G coverage & capacity challenges
  • micro-Operator (O) - dealing with small groups, e.g. UiO as operator
  • authentication, security
  • Wifi & LTE co-existance for 5G services